Quartz iav tsuas yog siv los ntawm silicon dioxide, thiab tam sim no tau txais cov qauv siv dav dav yog cov qauv nruam random network (CRN). Hauv cov qauv no, Si thiab O atoms tsim yuav luag zoo tag nrho peb -dimensional Si-O tetrahedral qauv. Daim duab schematic qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm siab - purity quartz iav thiab nws qhov chaw nyob yog qhia hauv daim duab. Si-O tshuaj bonds muaj zog heev thiab luv luv daim ntawv cog lus, ua rau ib tug heev compact spatial qauv. Vim muaj kev ncaj ncees thiab nruj ntawm nws cov microscopic network qauv, siab -purity quartz iav nthuav tawm cov khoom zoo heev thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li superior optical transmittance, hluav taws xob tsis kam, thermal stability, thiab tshuaj stability.
Keeb kwm ntawm quartz iav npaj hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo 1839, thaum tus neeg Fab Kis Fab Kis Gandin tau ua tiav ib qho opaque quartz iav los ntawm melting quartz xuab zeb nrog hydrogen - nplaim taws. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov teb chaws thoob plaws ntiaj teb tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim cov quartz iav manufacturing technologies. Txoj kev tsim khoom tshiab tau tshwm sim, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tau txhim kho tsis tu ncua, thiab kev lag luam tau ntsib kev loj hlob sai.
Cov txheej txheem roj refining yog siv cov hydrogen - cov nplaim taws kom yaj cov quartz ntuj, thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam tso cov khoom molten rau ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm quartz iav kom tau txais lub iav quartz. Cov ntaub ntawv raw rau ob txoj kev siv hluav taws xob melting thiab cov roj refining txoj kev yog quartz xuab zeb. High- purity quartz iav muaj qhov yuav tsum tau nruj heev rau quartz xuab zeb, tab sis lub ntiaj teb no qhov chaw ntawm siab -purity quartz ore feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws xws li lub tebchaws United States, Norway, thiab Australia. Tuam Tshoj yog cov neeg siv khoom loj ntawm siab -purity quartz xuab zeb, tab sis cov peev txheej ntawm siab -purity quartz ore feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev xa khoom. Qhov siab ntawm kev cia siab rau cov khoom siv raw khoom tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, tsim cov txheej txheem kev npaj rau hluavtaws quartz iav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb.
Cov txheej txheem kev npaj ntawm hluavtaws quartz iav feem ntau suav nrog tshuaj vapor deposition (Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD), plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), indirect chemical vapor deposition method thiab sol-gel method.
Quartz iav kuj tuaj yeem muab faib ua opaque quartz iav thiab pob tshab quartz iav raws li nws cov pob tshab:
Opaque quartz iav muaj ntau cov npuas me me thiab lwm cov khoom tawg, nthuav tawm ib qho opaque lossis semi{0}}opaque tsos. Nws tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov iav kho qhov muag, thiab cov Crucibles melting rau ib leeg -crystal silicon.
Pob tshab quartz iav muaj tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm cov npuas tawg, feem ntau hais hauv ppm. Cov txheej txheem kev npaj rau pob tshab quartz iav yog nruj dua li cov opaque quartz iav, thiab nws muaj ntau daim ntawv thov dav. Nws yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb rau kev npaj siab -cov khoom siv kho qhov muag zoo.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm quartz iav yog ze ze rau nws cov tshuaj purity, uas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem npaj. Feem ntau cov teeb meem hauv quartz iav tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: cov yam ntxwv tsis xws luag thiab macroscopic defects. Raws li pom nyob rau hauv daim duab, thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntuj quartz muaju, ntau yam tsis xws luag yog inevitably tsim. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov khoom iav, vim muaj kev txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem kev npaj thiab kev khiav hauj lwm ib puag ncig, ntau yam impurities yuav raug qhia, residual stress yuav raug generated, thiab yog li cov yam ntxwv tsis xws luag thiab macroscopic defects yuav tshwm sim. Cov yam ntxwv tsis xws luag ntawm quartz iav yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev qhia cov impurities rau hauv Si-O atomic daim phiaj, feem ntau suav nrog cov hlau impurities thiab hydroxyl pawg: Hlau impurities feem ntau yog los ntawm quartz xuab zeb, thiab hlau impurities xws li Fe thiab Cr tuaj yeem ua rau kom nqus attenuation. Cov pawg hydroxyl hauv quartz iav feem ntau yog los ntawm hydrogen- pa taws. Cov pab pawg hydroxyl yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm Si-O daim ntawv cog lus, txo cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov ntawm quartz iav, txhawb qhov tshwm sim ntawm crystallization tshwm sim, thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov pab pawg hydroxyl yuav ua rau kom qhov muag tsis pom nyob ze -infrared thiab nruab nrab-infrared wavelength cheeb tsam. Lub vibration absorption bands ntawm Si-OH daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov wavelengths tshwj xeeb xws li 2.72, 1.39, thiab 0.9 μm yuav cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv thov ntawm quartz iav hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov fibers thiab lasers.
Lub macroscopic defects ntawm quartz iav feem ntau muaj xws li npuas, inclusions, kab txaij thiab kab nrib pleb, thiab lwm yam. Cov teeb meem no feem ntau tshwm sim vim tsis txaus purity ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv los yog cov txheej txheem tsis tsim nyog. Lub viscosity ntawm quartz nyob rau hauv lub xeev molten yog siab, thiab cov npuas sab hauv yog nyuaj rau khiav los ntawm lawv tus kheej. Yog tias cov txheej txheem melting tsis nruj, kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj qhov tshwm sim uas cov khoom siv raw tsis tau yaj tag ua ntej yuav muab ntim los ntawm cov quartz uas twb molten rau saum npoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, quartz iav yog cov thermal conductor tsis zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm ua kom txias, qhov kub thiab txias hloov ntawm qhov chaw thiab sab hauv tsis sib haum, ua kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias gradient, ua kom muaj kev ntxhov siab thermal, thiab kev ntxhov siab ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau hauv zos tawg. Txo ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv quartz iav thiab ua kom nws cov khoom kho qhov muag zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj quartz iav los ntawm indirect CVD txoj kev, ntawm ib sab, siab -purity silicon- muaj cov tebchaw yog siv los txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm hlau impurities. Ntawm qhov tod tes, sintering yog ua haujlwm rau dehydroxylation, zoo txo cov hydroxyl concentration ntawm quartz iav, ua rau nws zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev sib sib zog nqus ultraviolet kis tau tus mob, nrog ib tug ntau dua qhov pib rau laser puas kuj, thiab ntxiv txhim kho nws cov khoom kho qhov muag.
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum quartz iav yog rhuab ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau hauv chav tsev kub, thermal stress yog generated, thiab qhov tsis sib xws nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov khoom kho qhov muag ntawm cov khoom. Qhov kev faib tsis sib luag ntawm kev ntxhov siab yuav ua rau qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm quartz iav hloov, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv txoj kev kho qhov muag thiab lub teeb ci ntawm lub teeb dhau los ntawm quartz iav, tsim qhov tsis sib xws refraction thiab tawg, thiab txo cov khoom sib xws ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ntxhov siab-induced birefringence nyhuv yuav ua rau lub wavefront ntawm lub teeb beam yuav distorted. Nyob rau hauv siab - lub zog laser li, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub wavefront yuav cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub laser beam, thiab kev ntxhov siab sab hauv kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv laser puas tsis kam ntawm quartz iav, txo nws txoj kev pab cuam lub neej thiab kev ntseeg tau.
Rau cov khoom siv kho qhov muag xws li array waveguide gratings, lasers, tunable lim, thiab lwm yam, kev ntxhov siab birefringence kuj yog ib qho teeb meem uas tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Vim muaj kev ntxhov siab birefringence, cov yam ntxwv nthuav tawm ntawm lub teeb raug hloov, ua rau polarization hloov thiab polarization- nyob ntawm qhov poob. Qhov chaw muaj kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag waveguide, cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub cuab yeej.
Los ntawm kev tswj cov kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv quartz iav, peb lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem zam lub cim ntawm cov teeb meem loj xws li tawg, ua kom nws cov khoom kho qhov muag zoo heev, yog li txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm quartz iav, thiab ua kom nws ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm ntau yam kev siv kho qhov muag thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam.
